Research and Published Reports
Alpha-Stim® technology listed by primary investigator, title and year in chronological order with the most recent publication listed first. To see these reports sorted by category, use the navigational bars on the left for pain, anxiety, insomnia or depression. This bibliography is divided into the following sections:
Randomized Controlled Trials
Mellen, Ronald R. and Mackey, Wade. Reducing sheriff’s officers’ symptoms of depression using cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES): a control experimental study. The Correctional Psychologist, 41(1):9-15, 2009.
Mellen, Ronald R., and Mackey Wade. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) and the reduction of stress symptoms in a sheriff’s jail security and patrol officer population. American Jails , 22(5): 32-38, 2008 download full text article:
8 1/2 x 11 layout or 11 x 17 layout
Tan, Gabriel, Rintala, Diana H., Thornby, John, Yang, June, Wade, Walter, and Vasilev, Christine. Using cranial electrotherapy stimulation to treat pain associated with spinal cord injury . Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development , 43(4):461-474, 2006. Presented at the South Central VA Health Care Network’s Pain Management Initiative 2nd Annual Pain Management Symposium: Campaign Against Pain. Jackson, Mississippi, April 7, 2006.
Cork, Randall C., Wood, Patrick, Ming, Norbert, Shepherd, Clifton, Eddy, James, Price, Larry. The effect of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on pain associated with fibromyalgia. The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology . 8(2):2004.
Tan, G., Rintala, D., Herrington, R., Yang, J., Wade, W., Vasilev, C. and Shanti, B.F. Treating spinal cord injury pain with cranial electrotherapy stimulation (abstract). Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine , 26(3), 2003. Poster presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Paraplegia Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, September 2-4, 2003.
Lichtbroun, Alan S., Raicer, Mei-Ming C., and Smith, Ray B. The treatment of fibromyalgia with cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology , 7(2):72-78, 2001. Presented at the Fifteenth Annual International Symposium on Acupuncture and Electro-Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, October 1999.
Tomaszek, David E., and Morehead, Kenneth. The use of CES in reducing pain in spinal pain patients. 2001.
Schroeder, M.J., and Barr, R.E. Quantitative analysis of electroencephalogram during cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology . 112:2075-2083, 2001. Doctoral dissertation, The
Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin, 191 pages, 1999
Sizer P, Sawyer S, Brismee J, Jones K., Bruce J., Slauterbeck J., Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and University Medical Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA. The effect of microcurrent stimulation on postoperative pain after patellar tendon-bone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Presented at the American Physical Therapy Association Annual Conference and Exposition, Indianapolis, Indiana; June, 2000.
Tan, Gabriel, Monga, Trilok, and Thornby, John. Efficacy of microcurrent electrical stimulation on pain severity, psychological distress, and disability. American Journal of Pain Management , 10(1):35-44, 2000. Unedited abstract with rebuttal to the editor. This is a VA study with a negative outcome (also see Tan, 2006, above, showing this same research group continuing their use of Alpha-Stim ® with good results).
Winick, Reid L. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES): a safe and effective low cost means of anxiety control in a dental practice. General Dentistry , 47(1):50-55, 1999.
Heffernan, Michael. The effect of variable microcurrents on EEG spectrum and pain control. Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine , 4(10):4-11, 1997.
Heffernan, Michael. Comparative effects of microcurrent stimulation on EEG spectrum and correlation dimension. Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science , 31(3):202-209, 1996.
Voris, Marshall D., et. al., and Good, Shirley. Treating sexual offenders using cranial electrotherapy stimulation. Medical Scope Monthly , 3(11):14-18, 1996.
Voris, Marshall D. An investigation of the effectiveness of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of anxiety disorders among outpatient psychiatric patients, impulse control parolees and pedophiles. Delos Mind/Body Institute , Dallas and Corpus Christi, Texas, 1995.
Heffernan, Michael. The effect of a single cranial electrotherapy stimulation on multiple stress measures. The Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients , 147:60-64, 1995. Presented at the Eighth International Montreux Congress on Stress, Montreux Switzerland, February 1996.
Overcash, Stephen J, et. al. The effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation and multisensory cognitive therapy on the personality and anxiety levels of substance abuse patients. American Journal of Electromedicine , 6(2):105-111, 1989.
Zimmerman, Stephen I, et. al. Biofeedback and electromedicine reduce the cycle of pain spasm pain in low back patients . Medical Electronics , 117:108-120, June 1989. Doctoral dissertation (SZ), City University Los Angeles, 284 pages, 1987.
Roth, Peter M, et. al. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for controlling pain associated with orthodontic tooth movement. American Journal of Orthodontics , 90(2):132-138, 1986.
Brotman, Philip. Low-intensity transcranial electrostimulation improves the efficacy of thermal biofeedback and quieting reflex training in the treatment of classical migraine headache. American Journal of Electromedicine , 6(5):120-123, 1989. Doctoral dissertation, City University Los Angeles, 117 pages, 1986.
Gibson, Thomas H, et. al. Cranial application of low level transcranial electrotherapy vs. relaxation instruction in anxious patients . American Journal of Electromedicine , 4(1):18-21, 1987. Doctoral dissertation (TG), California School of Professional Psychology, 152 pages, 1983.
Open Clinical Trials
Bystritsky, Alexander, Kerwin, Lauren and Feusner, Jamie. A pilot study of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder , Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 69:412-417, 2008.
Kennerly, Richard. QEEG analysis of cranial electrotherapy: a pilot study. Journal of Neurotherapy (8)2, 2004. Presented at the International Society for Neuronal Regulation annual conference, September 18-21, 2003 in Houston, Texas.
Tae-Kyu Lee, Kwan-Sung Lee, Shin-Soo Jeun, Young-Kil Hong, Chun-Kun Park, Joon-Ki, Moon-Chan Kim. The control of chronic pain using microcurrent electrical therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation. From the Department of Neurosurgery, Kangnam St. Mary’s Hospital, College Of Medicine, and The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. Presented at the Korea Society for Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery April 14, 2004.
Kulkarni, Arun D. and Smith, Ray B. The use of microcurrent electrical therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation in pain control. Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine. 2(2):99-102, 2001.
Overcash, Stephen J. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in patients suffering from acute anxiety disorders. American Journal of Electromedicine , 16(1):49-51, 1999.
Bracciano, Albert G., Kokesh, Stephanie, Martinez, Abe, Meier, Melissa, and Moore, Kathleen. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Poster presented at Creighton University St. Albert’s Day, Omaha, Nebraska, March 31, 2009. download poster
Mellen, Ronald R. and Mitchell, Stephanie. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation: a case study. The Correctional Psychologist , 40(4):4-8, 2008.
Smith, Ray B, et. al. The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation to block fear perception in phobic patients. Journal of Current Therapeutic Research , 51(2):249-253, 1992.
Case Series and Case Report
Eidelman, William S. Control of cigarette cravings with cranial electrotherapy stimulation . The Townsend Letter for Doctors, 311(6): 81-85, 2009.
Childs, Allen. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation reduces aggression in violent retarded population: a preliminary report. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 17(4): 548-551, 2005.
Childs, Allen and Price, Larry. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation reduces aggression in violent neuropsychiatric patients. Primary Psychiatry, 14(3):50-56, 2007. Presented at the American Psychiatric Association 160th Annual Meeting: Addressing Patient Needs. San Diego, California, May 23, 2007.
Plotnick, Stephen E. Finding hope: Alpha-Stim 100 may help clinicians yield better fibromyalgia treatment results. Advance for Directors in Rehabilitation , P. 82, May 2005.
Overcash, Stephen. The effect of ROSHI protocol and cranial electrotherapy stimulation on a 9-year-old anxious, dyslexic male with attention deficit disorder: A case study . Journal of Neurotherapy , 9(2):63-77, 2005.
Kirsch, Daniel L. Postmarketing survey of Alpha-Stim CES patients . Summarized here and presented in detail in the book The Science Behind Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation, 2nd Ed., Medical Scope Publishing Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2002. Smith, Ray B. Is microcurrent stimulation effective in pain management? An additional perspective. American Journal of Pain Management , 11(2):62-66, 2001.
Frick, Ava. Microcurrent electrical therapy heals a recalcitrant wound in a horse. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 25(11): 418-422, 2005. Presented at Western Veterinary Conference, Las Vegas, NV, February 24, 2005.
Alpher , Elliott J. and Kirsch, Daniel L. Traumatic brain injury and full body reflex sympathetic dystrophy patient treated with cranial electrotherapy stimulation. American Journal of Pain Management , 8(4):124-128, 1998. Presented at the Ninth Annual Clinical Meeting of the American Academy of Pain Management, Atlanta, Georgia, September, 1998.
Clark, Nancy, Mills, Daniel & Marchant, Jeremy. Evaluation of the potential efficacy of the Alpha-Stim SCS in the horse. DeMontfort University Equestrian Centre and Field Station, Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. January, 2000.
Bauer, William. Electrical treatment of severe head and neck cancer pain. Archives of Otolaryngology , 109(6):382-383, 1983.
Bauer, William. Neuroelectric Medicine. Journal of Bioelectricity , 2(2&3):159-180, 1983.
Meta-Analyses, Commentaries and Review Articles
Kirsch, Daniel L. CES for mild traumatic brain injury . Practical Pain Management , 8(6):70-77, 2008.
Farina Woodbury, Michael A. Efecto de la microcorriente sobre sÃntomas, de ansiedad, depresión, insomnio y dolor . Galanus, 1(5):15-18, 2008.
Kirsch, Daniel L. CES in the treatment of pain-related disorders . Practical Pain Management , 8(3):12-25, 2008.
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. CES in the treatment of insomnia: A review and meta-analysis. Practical Pain Management , 7(7):28-39, 2007
Tan Gabriel and Jensen Mark P. Integrating complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) into multidisciplinary chronic pain treatment. In Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Management: a Guidebook for Program Development and Excellence of Treatment. Schatman and Campbell (editors), Taylor & Francis, Pp. 75-99, 2007.
Gilula, Marshall. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation and fibromyalgia . Expert Review of Devices , 4(4):489-495, 2007.
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of depression – Part 1. Practical Pain Management , 7(4):33-41, 2007
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of depression – Part 2. Practical Pain Management , 7(5):32-40, 2007.
Sussman, Norman. Editor’s Note: What next? Overcoming treatment resistance. Primary Psychiatry . 2007;14(3):15-16.
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. A review and meta-analysis of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of anxiety disorders – Part 1 . Practical Pain Management , 7(2):40-47, 2007.
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of anxiety disorders: statistical considerations – Part 2. Practical Pain Management , 7(3):22-39, 2007 .
Tan, Gabriel, Alverez, Julie A., and Jensen, Mark P. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches in pain management. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session , 62(11):1419-1431, 2006.
Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia . Practical Pain Management , 6(6):60-64,2006.
Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the treatment of anxiety, depression, insomnia and other conditions. Insert: Giordano, James. Illustrating how CES works. Natural Medicine, 23:118-120, 2006.
Gilula, Marshall F., and Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation review: a safer alternative to psychopharmaceuticals in the treatment of depression. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(2):7-26, 2005. Presented at the International Society for Neuronal Regulation 12th Annual Conference, August 26-29, 2004 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.
Gilula, Marshall F. and Barach, Paul R. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation: a safe neuromedical treatment for anxiety, depression or insomnia. Southern Medical Journal . 97(12):1269-1270, 2004.
Kirsch, Daniel, L. and Smith R. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety, depression, insomnia, cognitive dysfunction, and pain . In Bioelectromagnetic Medicine . Paul J. Rosch, Ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, Pp 727-740, 2004. Download Full Text Article
Debock, Patrick. European perspective: a comparison between TENS and MET. Physical Therapy Products . September: 28-33, 2000.
Mercola, Joseph M. and Kirsch, Daniel L. The basis for microcurrent electrical therapy in conventional medical practice . Journal of Advancement in Medicine , 8(2):107-120, 1995.
Tutorials
Kirsch, Daniel L. Electromedical Treatment of Headaches . Practical Pain Management , 6(8):58-65, 2006.
Kirsch, Daniel L. Microcurrent electrical therapy (MET): A tutorial. Practical Pain Management , 6(7):59-64, 2006.
Kirsch, Daniel L. A practical protocol for electromedical treatment of pain. Chapter 61 in Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians (the textbook of the American Academy of Pain Management) edited by Richard S. Weiner, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2002.
Kirsch, Daniel, L. Electromedicine: the other side of physiology . Chapter 60 in Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians (the textbook of the American Academy of Pain Management) edited by Richard S. Weiner, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, Pp 749-758, 2002.
Bystritsky, Alexander, Kerwin, Lauren and Feusner, Jamie. A pilot study of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for generalized anxiety disorder , Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 69:412-417, 2008. download full text article 
Kennerly, Richard. QEEG analysis of cranial electrotherapy: a pilot study. Journal of Neurotherapy (8)2, 2004. Presented at the International Society for Neuronal Regulation annual conference, September 18-21, 2003 in Houston, Texas. download full text article
Tae-Kyu Lee, Kwan-Sung Lee, Shin-Soo Jeun, Young-Kil Hong, Chun-Kun Park, Joon-Ki, Moon-Chan Kim. The control of chronic pain using microcurrent electrical therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation. From the Department of Neurosurgery, Kangnam St. Mary’s Hospital, College Of Medicine, and The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea. Presented at the Korea Society for Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery April 14, 2004.
Kulkarni, Arun D. and Smith, Ray B. The use of microcurrent electrical therapy and cranial electrotherapy stimulation in pain control. Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine. 2(2):99-102, 2001. download full text article
Overcash, Stephen J. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in patients suffering from acute anxiety disorders. American Journal of Electromedicine , 16(1):49-51, 1999. download full text article
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- Bracciano, Albert G., Kokesh, Stephanie, Martinez, Abe, Meier, Melissa, and Moore, Kathleen. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Poster presented at Creighton University St. Albert’s Day, Omaha, Nebraska, March 31, 2009. download poster
Mellen, Ronald R. and Mitchell, Stephanie. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation: a case study. The Correctional Psychologist , 40(4):4-8, 2008. download full text article
Smith, Ray B, et. al. The use of cranial electrotherapy stimulation to block fear perception in phobic patients. Journal of Current Therapeutic Research , 51(2):249-253, 1992. download full text article
Case Series and Case Report
Childs, Allen and Price, Larry. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation reduces aggression in violent neuropsychiatric patients. Primary Psychiatry, 14(3):50-56, 2007. Presented at the American Psychiatric Association 160th Annual Meeting: Addressing Patient Needs. San Diego, California, May 23, 2007. download full text article
Childs, Allen. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation reduces aggression in violent retarded population: a preliminary report. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 17(4): 548-551, 2005. download full text article
Overcash, Stephen. The effect of ROSHI protocol and cranial electrotherapy stimulation on a 9-year-old anxious, dyslexic male with attention deficit disorder: A case study . Journal of Neurotherapy , 9(2):63-77, 2005. download full text article
Plotnick, Stephen E. Finding hope: Alpha-Stim 100 may help clinicians yield better fibromyalgia treatment results. Advance for Directors in Rehabilitation , P. 82, May 2005. download full text article
Frick, Ava. Microcurrent electrical therapy heals a recalcitrant wound in a horse. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 25(11): 418-422, 2005. Presented at Western Veterinary Conference, Las Vegas, NV, February 24, 2005. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. Postmarketing survey of Alpha-Stim CES patients . Summarized here and presented in detail in the book The Science Behind Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation, 2nd Ed., Medical Scope Publishing Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2002. Smith, Ray B. Is microcurrent stimulation effective in pain management? An additional perspective. American Journal of Pain Management , 11(2):62-66, 2001. download full text article
Clark, Nancy, Mills, Daniel & Marchant, Jeremy. Evaluation of the potential efficacy of the Alpha-Stim SCS in the horse. DeMontfort University Equestrian Centre and Field Station, Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. January, 2000. download full text article
Alpher , Elliott J. and Kirsch, Daniel L. Traumatic brain injury and full body reflex sympathetic dystrophy patient treated with cranial electrotherapy stimulation. American Journal of Pain Management , 8(4):124-128, 1998. Presented at the Ninth Annual Clinical Meeting of the American Academy of Pain Management, Atlanta, Georgia, September, 1998. download full text article
Bauer, William. Neuroelectric Medicine. Journal of Bioelectricity , 2(2&3):159-180, 1983. download full text article
Bauer, William. Electrical treatment of severe head and neck cancer pain. Archives of Otolaryngology , 109(6):382-383, 1983. download full text article
Meta-Analyses, Commentaries and Review Articles
Farina Woodbury, Michael A. Efecto de la microcorriente sobre sÃntomas, de ansiedad, depresión, insomnio y dolor . Galanus, 1(5):15-18, 2008. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. CES for mild traumatic brain injury . Practical Pain Management , 8(6):70-77, 2008. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. CES in the treatment of pain-related disorders . Practical Pain Management , 8(3):12-25, 2008. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. CES in the treatment of insomnia: A review and meta-analysis. Practical Pain Management , 7(7):28-39, 2007 download full text article
Tan Gabriel and Jensen Mark P. Integrating complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) into multidisciplinary chronic pain treatment. In Multidisciplinary Chronic Pain Management: a Guidebook for Program Development and Excellence of Treatment. Schatman and Campbell (editors), Taylor & Francis, Pp. 75-99, 2007. download full text article
Gilula, Marshall. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation and fibromyalgia . Expert Review of Devices , 4(4):489-495, 2007. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of depression – Part 1. Practical Pain Management , 7(4):33-41, 2007 download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of depression – Part 2. Practical Pain Management , 7(5):32-40, 2007. download full text article
Sussman, Norman. Editor’s Note: What next? Overcoming treatment resistance. Primary Psychiatry . 2007;14(3):15-16. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. A review and meta-analysis of cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of anxiety disorders – Part 1 . Practical Pain Management , 7(2):40-47, 2007. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. and Gilula, Marshall. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of anxiety disorders: statistical considerations – Part 2. Practical Pain Management , 7(3):22-39, 2007 . download full text article
Tan, Gabriel, Alverez, Julie A., and Jensen, Mark P. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches in pain management. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session , 62(11):1419-1431, 2006. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in the treatment of fibromyalgia . Practical Pain Management , 6(6):60-64,2006. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for the treatment of anxiety, depression, insomnia and other conditions. Insert: Giordano, James. Illustrating how CES works. Natural Medicine, 23:118-120, 2006. download full text article
Gilula, Marshall F., and Kirsch, Daniel L. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation review: a safer alternative to psychopharmaceuticals in the treatment of depression. Journal of Neurotherapy, 9(2):7-26, 2005. Presented at the International Society for Neuronal Regulation 12th Annual Conference, August 26-29, 2004 in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. download full text article
Gilula, Marshall F. and Barach, Paul R. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation: a safe neuromedical treatment for anxiety, depression or insomnia. Southern Medical Journal . 97(12):1269-1270, 2004. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel, L. and Smith R. Cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety, depression, insomnia, cognitive dysfunction, and pain . In Bioelectromagnetic Medicine . Paul J. Rosch, Ed. Marcel Dekker, New York, Pp 727-740, 2004. download full text article
Debock, Patrick. European perspective: a comparison between TENS and MET. Physical Therapy Products . September: 28-33, 2000. download full text article
Mercola, Joseph M. and Kirsch, Daniel L. The basis for microcurrent electrical therapy in conventional medical practice . Journal of Advancement in Medicine , 8(2):107-120, 1995. download full text article
Tutorials
Kirsch, Daniel L. Electromedical Treatment of Headaches . Practical Pain Management , 6(8):58-65, 2006. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. Microcurrent electrical therapy (MET): A tutorial. Practical Pain Management , 6(7):59-64, 2006. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel L. A practical protocol for electromedical treatment of pain. Chapter 61 in Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians (the textbook of the American Academy of Pain Management) edited by Richard S. Weiner, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2002. download full text article
Kirsch, Daniel, L. Electromedicine: the other side of physiology . Chapter 60 in Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians (the textbook of the American Academy of Pain Management) edited by Richard S. Weiner, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, Pp 749-758, 2002. download full text article
